refactor: fully async device setup and improved SDK value handling

- Converted device initialization and state building to async coroutines
- Parallelized Amcrest camera connections using asyncio.gather
- Added clean_value() helper for tuple/list/string SDK outputs
- Added fallback for missing DefaultInterface in network config
- Improved error handling, timeouts, and type annotations
- Verified code quality (ruff, black, mypy all passing)

src/amcrest2mqtt/app.py

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 # permission notice in all copies or substantial portions of the software.
 #
 # The software is provided 'as is', without any warranty.
-
 import asyncio
 import argparse
 from json_logging import setup_logging, get_logger
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ def build_parser() -> argparse.ArgumentParser:
     return p
 
 
-def main() -> int:
+async def async_main() -> int:
     setup_logging()
     logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -32,16 +31,8 @@ def main() -> int:
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     try:
-        with Amcrest2Mqtt(args=args) as amcrest2mqtt:
-            try:
-                asyncio.run(amcrest2mqtt.main_loop())
-            except RuntimeError as err:
-                if "asyncio.run() cannot be called from a running event loop" in str(err):
-                    # Nested event loop (common in tests or Jupyter) — fall back gracefully
-                    loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
-                    loop.run_until_complete(amcrest2mqtt.main_loop())
-                else:
-                    raise
+        async with Amcrest2Mqtt(args=args) as amcrest2mqtt:
+            await amcrest2mqtt.main_loop()
     except ConfigError as err:
         logger.error(f"Fatal config error was found: {err}")
         return 1
@@ -55,8 +46,20 @@ def main() -> int:
         logger.warning("Main loop cancelled.")
         return 1
     except Exception as err:
-        logger.error(f"unhandled exception: {err}", exc_info=True)
+        logger.error(f"Unhandled exception: {err}", exc_info=True)
         return 1
     finally:
         logger.info("amcrest2mqtt stopped.")
+
     return 0
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    try:
+        return asyncio.run(async_main())
+    except RuntimeError as err:
+        # Fallback for nested loops (Jupyter, tests, etc.)
+        if "asyncio.run() cannot be called from a running event loop" in str(err):
+            loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
+            return loop.run_until_complete(async_main())
+        raise

src/amcrest2mqtt/base.py

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 # Copyright (c) 2025 Jeff Culverhouse
+import asyncio
 import argparse
+import concurrent.futures
 from datetime import datetime
 import logging
 from mqtt_helper import MqttHelper
@@ -20,6 +22,9 @@ class Base:
     def __init__(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, args: argparse.Namespace | None = None, **kwargs: Any):
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
+        self.loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
+        self.loop.set_default_executor(concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=16))
+
         self.args = args
         self.logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -66,18 +71,18 @@ class Base:
         self.last_call_date = datetime.now()
         self.rate_limited = False
 
-    def __enter__(self: Self) -> Amcrest2Mqtt:
+    async def __aenter__(self: Self) -> Amcrest2Mqtt:
         super_enter = getattr(super(), "__enter__", None)
         if callable(super_enter):
             super_enter()
 
-        cast(Any, self).mqttc_create()
+        await cast(Any, self).mqttc_create()
         cast(Any, self).restore_state()
         self.running = True
 
         return cast(Amcrest2Mqtt, self)
 
-    def __exit__(self: Self, exc_type: BaseException | None, exc_val: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType) -> None:
+    async def __aexit__(self: Self, exc_type: BaseException | None, exc_val: BaseException | None, exc_tb: TracebackType) -> None:
         super_exit = getattr(super(), "__exit__", None)
         if callable(super_exit):
             super_exit(exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb)
@@ -87,7 +92,7 @@ class Base:
 
         if cast(Any, self).mqttc is not None:
             try:
-                cast(Any, self).publish_service_availability("offline")
+                await cast(Any, self).publish_service_availability("offline")
                 cast(Any, self).mqttc.loop_stop()
             except Exception as err:
                 self.logger.debug(f"Mqtt loop_stop failed: {err}")

src/amcrest2mqtt/interface.py

@@ -1,14 +1,16 @@
-from amcrest import AmcrestCamera
+from amcrest import ApiWrapper
 from argparse import Namespace
 from asyncio import AbstractEventLoop
-from datetime import datetime, timezone
+from datetime import datetime
 from logging import Logger
 from mqtt_helper import MqttHelper
 from paho.mqtt.client import Client, MQTTMessage, ConnectFlags, DisconnectFlags
 from paho.mqtt.reasoncodes import ReasonCode
 from paho.mqtt.properties import Properties
 from types import FrameType
-from typing import Protocol, Any
+from typing import Protocol, Any, Callable, Coroutine, TypeVar
+
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
 
 
 class AmcrestServiceProtocol(Protocol):
@@ -38,10 +40,10 @@ class AmcrestServiceProtocol(Protocol):
     storage_update_interval: int
     snapshot_update_interval: int
     states: dict[str, Any]
-    timezone: timezone
 
     async def build_camera(self, device: dict) -> str: ...
     async def build_component(self, device: dict) -> str: ...
+    async def build_device_states(self, device_id: str) -> bool: ...
     async def check_event_queue_loop(self) -> None: ...
     async def check_for_events(self) -> None: ...
     async def collect_all_device_events(self) -> None: ...
@@ -50,26 +52,54 @@ class AmcrestServiceProtocol(Protocol):
     async def collect_snapshots_loop(self) -> None: ...
     async def connect_to_devices(self) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
     async def device_loop(self) -> None: ...
+    async def get_camera(self, host: str) -> ApiWrapper: ...
+    async def get_device(self, host: str, device_name: str, index: int) -> None: ...
     async def get_events_from_device(self, device_id: str) -> None: ...
+    async def get_ip_address(self, string: str) -> str: ...
+    async def get_motion_detection(self, device_id: str) -> bool: ...
+    async def get_privacy_mode(self, device_id: str) -> bool: ...
     async def get_snapshot_from_device(self, device_id: str) -> str | None: ...
+    async def get_storage_stats(self, device_id: str) -> dict[str, str | float]: ...
+    async def handle_device_command(self, device_id: str, handler: str, message: str) -> None: ...
+    async def handle_device_topic(self, components: list[str], payload: str) -> None: ...
+    async def handle_homeassistant_message(self, payload: str) -> None: ...
+    async def handle_service_command(self, handler: str, message: str) -> None: ...
     async def heartbeat(self) -> None: ...
     async def main_loop(self) -> None: ...
+    async def mqtt_on_connect(
+        self, client: Client, userdata: dict[str, Any], flags: ConnectFlags, reason_code: ReasonCode, properties: Properties | None
+    ) -> None: ...
+    async def mqtt_on_disconnect(
+        self, client: Client, userdata: Any, flags: DisconnectFlags, reason_code: ReasonCode, properties: Properties | None
+    ) -> None: ...
+    async def mqtt_on_message(self, client: Client, userdata: Any, msg: MQTTMessage) -> None: ...
+    async def mqtt_on_subscribe(self, client: Client, userdata: Any, mid: int, reason_code_list: list[ReasonCode], properties: Properties) -> None: ...
+    async def mqtt_on_log(self, client: Client, userdata: Any, paho_log_level: int, msg: str) -> None: ...
+    async def mqttc_create(self) -> None: ...
     async def process_device_event(self, device_id: str, code: str, payload: Any) -> None: ...
+    async def publish_device_availability(self, device_id: str, online: bool = True) -> None: ...
+    async def publish_device_discovery(self, device_id: str) -> None: ...
+    async def publish_device_state(self, device_id: str) -> None: ...
+    async def publish_service_availability(self, status: str = "online") -> None: ...
+    async def publish_service_discovery(self) -> None: ...
+    async def publish_service_state(self) -> None: ...
+    async def rediscover_all(self) -> None: ...
     async def refresh_all_devices(self) -> None: ...
+    async def set_motion_detection(self, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None: ...
+    async def set_privacy_mode(self, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None: ...
     async def setup_device_list(self) -> None: ...
     async def store_recording_in_media(self, device_id: str, amcrest_file: str) -> str | None: ...
 
-    def _decode_payload(self, raw: bytes) -> Any: ...
-    def _handle_device_topic(self, components: list[str], payload: str) -> None: ...
-    def _handle_homeassistant_message(self, payload: str) -> None: ...
     def _parse_device_topic(self, components: list[str]) -> list[str | None] | None: ...
+    def _wrap_async(
+        self,
+        coro_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, _T]],
+    ) -> Callable[..., None]: ...
 
     def assert_no_tuples(self, data: Any, path: str = "root") -> None: ...
     def b_to_gb(self, total: int) -> float: ...
     def b_to_mb(self, total: int) -> float: ...
-    def build_device_states(self, device_id: str) -> bool: ...
     def classify_device(self, device: dict) -> str: ...
-    def get_camera(self, host: str) -> AmcrestCamera: ...
     def get_component_type(self, device_id: str) -> str: ...
     def get_component(self, device_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
     def get_device_availability_topic(self, device_id: str) -> str: ...
@@ -77,18 +107,11 @@ class AmcrestServiceProtocol(Protocol):
     def get_device_name(self, device_id: str) -> str: ...
     def get_device_name_slug(self, device_id: str) -> str: ...
     def get_device_state_topic(self, device_id: str, mode_name: str = "") -> str: ...
-    def get_device(self, host: str, device_name: str, index: int) -> None: ...
-    def get_ip_address(self, string: str) -> str: ...
     def get_mode(self, device_id: str, mode_name: str) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
     def get_modes(self, device_id: str) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
-    def get_motion_detection(self, device_id: str) -> bool: ...
     def get_next_event(self) -> dict[str, Any] | None: ...
-    def get_privacy_mode(self, device_id: str) -> bool: ...
     def get_recorded_file(self, device_id: str, file: str, encode: bool = True) -> str | None: ...
     def get_snapshot(self, device_id: str) -> str | None: ...
-    def get_storage_stats(self, device_id: str) -> dict[str, str | float]: ...
-    def handle_device_command(self, device_id: str, handler: str, message: str) -> None: ...
-    def handle_service_command(self, handler: str, message: str) -> None: ...
     def handle_signal(self, signum: int, _: FrameType | None) -> Any: ...
     def heartbeat_ready(self) -> None: ...
     def increase_api_calls(self) -> None: ...
@@ -99,28 +122,10 @@ class AmcrestServiceProtocol(Protocol):
     def load_config(self, config_arg: Any | None) -> dict[str, Any]: ...
     def mark_ready(self) -> None: ...
     def mb_to_b(self, total: int) -> int: ...
-    def mqtt_on_connect(
-        self, client: Client, userdata: dict[str, Any], flags: ConnectFlags, reason_code: ReasonCode, properties: Properties | None
-    ) -> None: ...
-    def mqtt_on_disconnect(self, client: Client, userdata: Any, flags: DisconnectFlags, reason_code: ReasonCode, properties: Properties | None) -> None: ...
-    def mqtt_on_message(self, client: Client, userdata: Any, msg: MQTTMessage) -> None: ...
-    def mqtt_on_subscribe(self, client: Client, userdata: Any, mid: int, reason_code_list: list[ReasonCode], properties: Properties) -> None: ...
-    def mqtt_on_log(self, client: Client, userdata: Any, paho_log_level: int, msg: str) -> None: ...
-    def mqttc_create(self) -> None: ...
-    def publish_device_availability(self, device_id: str, online: bool = True) -> None: ...
-    def publish_device_discovery(self, device_id: str) -> None: ...
-    def publish_device_state(self, device_id: str) -> None: ...
-    def publish_service_availability(self, status: str = "online") -> None: ...
-    def publish_service_discovery(self) -> None: ...
-    def publish_service_state(self) -> None: ...
     def read_file(self, file_name: str) -> str: ...
     def reboot_device(self, device_id: str) -> None: ...
-    def rediscover_all(self) -> None: ...
     def restore_state(self) -> None: ...
-    def restore_state_values(self, api_calls: int, last_call_date: str) -> None: ...
     def safe_split_device(self, topic: str, segment: str) -> list[str]: ...
     def save_state(self) -> None: ...
-    def set_motion_detection(self, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None: ...
-    def set_privacy_mode(self, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None: ...
     def upsert_device(self, device_id: str, **kwargs: dict[str, Any] | str | int | bool) -> bool: ...
     def upsert_state(self, device_id: str, **kwargs: dict[str, Any] | str | int | bool) -> bool: ...

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/amcrest.py

@@ -12,19 +12,25 @@ class AmcrestMixin:
         self.logger.debug("setting up device list from config")
 
         amcrest_devices = await self.connect_to_devices()
-        self.publish_service_state()
+        await self.publish_service_state()
 
-        seen_devices = set()
+        seen_devices: set[str] = set()
 
-        for device in amcrest_devices.values():
-            created = await self.build_component(device)
-            if created:
-                seen_devices.add(created)
+        # Build all components concurrently
+        tasks = [self.build_component(device) for device in amcrest_devices.values()]
+        results = await asyncio.gather(*tasks, return_exceptions=True)
+
+        # Collect successful device IDs
+        for result in results:
+            if isinstance(result, Exception):
+                self.logger.error(f"error during build_component: {result}", exc_info=True)
+            elif result and isinstance(result, str):
+                seen_devices.add(result)
 
         # Mark missing devices offline
         missing_devices = set(self.devices.keys()) - seen_devices
         for device_id in missing_devices:
-            self.publish_device_availability(device_id, online=False)
+            await self.publish_device_availability(device_id, online=False)
             self.logger.warning(f"device {device_id} not seen in Amcrest API list — marked offline")
 
         # Handle first discovery completion
@@ -369,13 +375,13 @@ class AmcrestMixin:
                 "recording_url": "",
             },
         )
-        self.build_device_states(device_id)
+        await self.build_device_states(device_id)
 
         if not self.states[device_id]["internal"].get("discovered", None):
             self.logger.info(f'added new camera: "{device["device_name"]}" {device["vendor"]} {device["device_type"]}] ({device_id})')
 
-        self.publish_device_discovery(device_id)
-        self.publish_device_availability(device_id, online=True)
-        self.publish_device_state(device_id)
+        await self.publish_device_discovery(device_id)
+        await self.publish_device_availability(device_id, online=True)
+        await self.publish_device_state(device_id)
 
         return device_id

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/amcrest_api.py

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 # Copyright (c) 2025 Jeff Culverhouse
-from amcrest import AmcrestCamera
+from amcrest import AmcrestCamera, ApiWrapper
 from amcrest.exceptions import LoginError, AmcrestError, CommError
 import asyncio
 import base64
+from collections.abc import Sequence
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 import random
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, cast
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
 
         async def _connect_device(host: str, name: str, index: int) -> None:
             async with semaphore:
-                await asyncio.to_thread(self.get_device, host, name, index)
+                await self.get_device(host, name, index)
 
         self.logger.debug(f'connecting to: {self.amcrest_config["hosts"]}')
 
@@ -42,18 +43,39 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
         self.logger.info("connecting to hosts done")
         return {d: self.amcrest_devices[d]["config"] for d in self.amcrest_devices.keys()}
 
-    def get_camera(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, host: str) -> AmcrestCamera:
+    async def get_camera(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, host: str) -> ApiWrapper:
         config = self.amcrest_config
-        self.increase_api_calls()
-        return AmcrestCamera(host, config["port"], config["username"], config["password"], verbose=False)
+        return AmcrestCamera(
+            host,
+            config["port"],
+            config["username"],
+            config["password"],
+            verbose=False,
+            retries_connection=0,  # don’t multiply wall time at startup
+            timeout_protocol=(4.0, 4.0),  # (connect, read) in seconds
+        ).camera
+
+    async def get_device(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, host: str, device_name: str, index: int) -> None:
+        def clean_value(value: str | Sequence[str], prefix: str = "") -> str:
+            # Normalize to a string first
+            if not isinstance(value, str):
+                # Handle list/tuple cases
+                if isinstance(value, Sequence) and len(value) > 0:
+                    value = value[0]
+                else:
+                    # Graceful fallback if value is empty or weird
+                    return ""
+
+            # At this point, value is guaranteed to be a str
+            if prefix and value.startswith(prefix):
+                value = value[len(prefix) :]
+            return value.strip()
 
-    def get_device(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, host: str, device_name: str, index: int) -> None:
         camera = None
 
         try:
-            host_ip = self.get_ip_address(host)
-            device = self.get_camera(host_ip)
-            camera = device.camera
+            host_ip = await self.get_ip_address(host)
+            camera = await self.get_camera(host_ip)
             self.increase_api_calls()
         except LoginError:
             self.logger.error(f'invalid username/password to connect to device "{host}", fix in config.yaml')
@@ -65,24 +87,50 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             self.logger.error(f"error connecting to {host}: {err}")
             return
 
-        serial_number = camera.serial_number
+        (
+            serial_number,
+            device_type,
+            sw_info,
+            net_config,
+            device_class,
+            hardware_version,
+            vendor_info,
+        ) = await asyncio.gather(
+            camera.async_serial_number,
+            camera.async_device_type,
+            camera.async_software_information,
+            camera.async_network_config,
+            camera.async_device_class,
+            camera.async_hardware_version,
+            camera.async_vendor_information,
+        )
+
+        serial_number = clean_value(serial_number, "SerialNumber=")
+        device_class = clean_value(device_class, "deviceClass=")
+        device_type = clean_value(device_type, "type=")
 
-        device_type = camera.device_type.replace("type=", "").strip()
         is_ad110 = device_type == "AD110"
         is_ad410 = device_type == "AD410"
         is_doorbell = is_ad110 or is_ad410
 
-        version = camera.software_information[0].replace("version=", "").strip()
-        build = camera.software_information[1].strip()
+        version = sw_info[0].replace("version=", "").strip()
+        build = sw_info[1].strip()
         sw_version = f"{version} ({build})"
 
-        network_config = dict(item.split("=") for item in camera.network_config.splitlines())
-        interface = network_config["table.Network.DefaultInterface"]
-        ip_address = network_config[f"table.Network.{interface}.IPAddress"]
-        mac_address = network_config[f"table.Network.{interface}.PhysicalAddress"].upper()
+        network_config = dict(item.split("=", 1) for item in net_config[0].splitlines() if "=" in item)
 
-        if camera.serial_number not in self.amcrest_devices:
-            self.logger.info(f"connected to {host} with serial number {camera.serial_number}")
+        interface = network_config.get("table.Network.DefaultInterface")
+        if not interface:
+            # Find first interface key dynamically
+            candidates = [k.split(".")[2] for k in network_config if k.startswith("table.Network.") and ".IPAddress" in k]
+            interface = candidates[0] if candidates else "eth0"
+            self.logger.debug(f"No DefaultInterface key; using {interface}")
+
+        ip_address = network_config.get(f"table.Network.{interface}.IPAddress", "0.0.0.0")
+        mac_address = network_config.get(f"table.Network.{interface}.PhysicalAddress", "00:00:00:00:00:00").upper()
+
+        if serial_number not in self.amcrest_devices:
+            self.logger.info(f"connected to {host} with serial number {serial_number}")
 
         self.amcrest_devices[serial_number] = {
             "camera": camera,
@@ -92,14 +140,14 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
                 "host_ip": host_ip,
                 "device_name": device_name,
                 "device_type": device_type,
-                "device_class": camera.device_class,
+                "device_class": device_class,
                 "is_ad110": is_ad110,
                 "is_ad410": is_ad410,
                 "is_doorbell": is_doorbell,
                 "serial_number": serial_number,
                 "software_version": sw_version,
-                "hardware_version": camera.hardware_version,
-                "vendor": camera.vendor_information,
+                "hardware_version": hardware_version,
+                "vendor": vendor_info,
                 "network": {
                     "interface": interface,
                     "ip_address": ip_address,
@@ -132,7 +180,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
 
     # Storage stats -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def get_storage_stats(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> dict[str, str | float]:
+    async def get_storage_stats(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> dict[str, str | float]:
         device = self.amcrest_devices[device_id]
         states = self.states[device_id]
 
@@ -148,8 +196,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             return current
 
         try:
-            storage = device["camera"].storage_all
-            self.increase_api_calls()
+            storage = await device["camera"].async_storage_all
         except CommError as err:
             self.logger.error(f"failed to get storage stats from ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}): {err}")
             return current
@@ -157,6 +204,8 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             self.logger.error(f"failed to auth to ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}): {err}")
             return current
 
+        self.increase_api_calls()
+
         return {
             "used_percent": storage.get("used_percent", "unknown"),
             "used": self.b_to_gb(storage["used"][0]),
@@ -165,7 +214,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
 
     # Privacy config ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def get_privacy_mode(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> bool:
+    async def get_privacy_mode(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> bool:
         device = self.amcrest_devices[device_id]
         states = self.states[device_id]
 
@@ -177,10 +226,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             return current
 
         try:
-            privacy = device["camera"].privacy_config().split()
-            privacy_mode = True if privacy[0].split("=")[1] == "true" else False
-            device["privacy_mode"] = privacy_mode
-            self.increase_api_calls()
+            privacy = await device["camera"].async_privacy_config()
         except CommError as err:
             self.logger.error(f"failed to get privacy mode from ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}): {err}")
             return current
@@ -188,21 +234,25 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             self.logger.error(f"failed to auth to device ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}): {err}")
             return current
 
+        self.increase_api_calls()
+        if not privacy or not isinstance(privacy, list) or len(privacy) < 1:
+            return current
+        privacy_mode = True if privacy[0].split("=")[1] == "true" else False
         return privacy_mode
 
-    def set_privacy_mode(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None:
+    async def set_privacy_mode(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None:
         device = self.amcrest_devices[device_id]
         if not device["camera"]:
             self.logger.warning(f"camera not found for {self.get_device_name(device_id)}")
             return None
 
         try:
-            response = str(device["camera"].set_privacy(switch)).strip()
+            response = str(await device["camera"].async_set_privacy(switch)).strip()
             self.increase_api_calls()
             self.logger.debug(f"Set privacy_mode on {self.get_device_name(device_id)} to {switch}, got back: {response}")
             if response == "OK":
                 self.upsert_state(device_id, switch={"privacy": "ON" if switch else "OFF"})
-                self.publish_device_state(device_id)
+                await self.publish_device_state(device_id)
         except CommError as err:
             self.logger.error(f"failed to set privacy mode on ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}): {err}")
         except LoginError as err:
@@ -212,7 +262,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
 
     # Motion detection config ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def get_motion_detection(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> bool:
+    async def get_motion_detection(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> bool:
         device = self.amcrest_devices[device_id]
         states = self.states[device_id]
 
@@ -224,8 +274,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             return current
 
         try:
-            motion_detection = bool(device["camera"].is_motion_detector_on())
-            self.increase_api_calls()
+            motion_detection = bool(await device["camera"].async_is_motion_detector_on())
         except CommError as err:
             self.logger.error(f"failed to get motion detection switch on ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}): {err}")
             return current
@@ -233,9 +282,10 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             self.logger.error(f"failed to auth to device ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}): {err}")
             return current
 
+        self.increase_api_calls()
         return motion_detection
 
-    def set_motion_detection(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None:
+    async def set_motion_detection(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, switch: bool) -> None:
         device = self.amcrest_devices[device_id]
 
         if not device["camera"]:
@@ -243,12 +293,12 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
             return None
 
         try:
-            response = bool(device["camera"].set_motion_detection(switch))
+            response = bool(await device["camera"].async_set_motion_detection(switch))
             self.increase_api_calls()
             self.logger.debug(f"Set motion_detection on {self.get_device_name(device_id)} to {switch}, got back: {response}")
             if response:
                 self.upsert_state(device_id, switch={"motion_detection": "ON" if switch else "OFF"})
-                self.publish_device_state(device_id)
+                await self.publish_device_state(device_id)
         except CommError:
             self.logger.error(f"Failed to communicate with device ({self.get_device_name(device_id)}) to set motion detections")
         except LoginError:
@@ -298,7 +348,7 @@ class AmcrestAPIMixin:
                     device_id,
                     image={"snapshot": encoded},
                 )
-                self.publish_device_state(device_id)
+                await self.publish_device_state(device_id)
 
                 self.logger.debug(f"got snapshot from {self.get_device_name(device_id)} {len(image_bytes)} raw bytes -> {len(encoded)} b64 chars")
                 return encoded

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/events.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 # Copyright (c) 2025 Jeff Culverhouse
+import asyncio
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 
@@ -74,5 +75,6 @@ class EventsMixin:
             else:
                 self.logger.debug(f'ignored event for "{self.get_device_name(device_id)}": {event} with {payload}')
 
-        for id in needs_publish:
-            self.publish_device_state(id)
+        tasks = [self.publish_device_state(id) for id in needs_publish]
+        if tasks:
+            await asyncio.gather(*tasks)

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/helpers.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 # Copyright (c) 2025 Jeff Culverhouse
+import asyncio
 from deepmerge.merger import Merger
 import ipaddress
 import os
@@ -26,14 +27,17 @@ class ConfigError(ValueError):
 
 
 class HelpersMixin:
-    def build_device_states(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> bool:
+    async def build_device_states(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> bool:
         if self.is_rebooting(device_id):
             self.logger.debug(f"skipping device states for {self.get_device_name(device_id)}, still rebooting")
             return False
 
-        storage = self.get_storage_stats(device_id)
-        privacy = self.get_privacy_mode(device_id)
-        motion_detection = self.get_motion_detection(device_id)
+        # get properties from device
+        storage, privacy, motion_detection = await asyncio.gather(
+            self.get_storage_stats(device_id),
+            self.get_privacy_mode(device_id),
+            self.get_motion_detection(device_id),
+        )
 
         changed = self.upsert_state(
             device_id,
@@ -51,22 +55,22 @@ class HelpersMixin:
 
     # send command to Amcrest -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def handle_device_command(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, handler: str, message: str) -> None:
+    async def handle_device_command(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, handler: str, message: str) -> None:
         match handler:
             case "save_recordings":
                 if message == "ON" and "path" not in self.config["media"]:
                     self.logger.error("user tried to turn on save_recordings, but there is no media path set")
                     return
                 self.upsert_state(device_id, switch={"save_recordings": message})
-                self.publish_device_state(device_id)
+                await self.publish_device_state(device_id)
             case "motion_detection":
-                self.set_motion_detection(device_id, message == "ON")
+                await self.set_motion_detection(device_id, message == "ON")
             case "privacy":
-                self.set_privacy_mode(device_id, message == "ON")
+                await self.set_privacy_mode(device_id, message == "ON")
             case "reboot":
                 self.reboot_device(device_id)
 
-    def handle_service_command(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, handler: str, message: str) -> None:
+    async def handle_service_command(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, handler: str, message: str) -> None:
         match handler:
             case "storage_refresh":
                 self.device_interval = int(message)
@@ -76,18 +80,18 @@ class HelpersMixin:
                 self.snapshot_update_interval = int(message)
             case "refresh_device_list":
                 if message == "refresh":
-                    self.rediscover_all()
+                    await self.rediscover_all()
             case _:
                 self.logger.error(f"unrecognized message to {self.mqtt_helper.service_slug}: {handler} -> {message}")
                 return
-        self.publish_service_state()
+        await self.publish_service_state()
 
-    def rediscover_all(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
-        self.publish_service_discovery()
-        self.publish_service_state()
+    async def rediscover_all(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
+        await self.publish_service_discovery()
+        await self.publish_service_state()
         for device_id in self.devices:
-            self.publish_device_discovery(device_id)
-            self.publish_device_state(device_id)
+            await self.publish_device_discovery(device_id)
+            await self.publish_device_state(device_id)
 
     # Utility functions ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -118,15 +122,17 @@ class HelpersMixin:
         except ValueError:
             return False
 
-    def get_ip_address(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, string: str) -> str:
+    async def get_ip_address(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, string: str) -> str:
         if self.is_ipv4(string):
             return string
+
         try:
-            for i in socket.getaddrinfo(string, None):
-                if i[0] == socket.AddressFamily.AF_INET:
-                    return str(i[4][0])
+            infos = await self.loop.getaddrinfo(string, None, family=socket.AF_INET)
+            # getaddrinfo returns a list of 5-tuples; [4][0] holds the IP string
+            return infos[0][4][0]
         except socket.gaierror as err:
-            raise Exception(f"failed to resolve {string}: {err}")
+            raise Exception(f"failed to resolve {string}: {err}") from err
+        except IndexError:
             raise Exception(f"failed to find IP address for {string}")
 
     def list_from_env(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, env_name: str) -> list[str]:

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/loops.py

@@ -56,15 +56,13 @@ class LoopsMixin:
 
     # main loop
     async def main_loop(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
-        await self.setup_device_list()
-
-        self.loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
         for sig in (signal.SIGTERM, signal.SIGINT):
             try:
                 signal.signal(sig, self.handle_signal)
             except Exception:
                 self.logger.debug(f"Cannot install handler for {sig}")
 
+        await self.setup_device_list()
         self.running = True
         self.mark_ready()
 

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/mqtt.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 # Copyright (c) 2025 Jeff Culverhouse
+import asyncio
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 import json
 import paho.mqtt.client as mqtt
@@ -10,11 +11,13 @@ from paho.mqtt.packettypes import PacketTypes
 from paho.mqtt.reasoncodes import ReasonCode
 from paho.mqtt.enums import CallbackAPIVersion
 import ssl
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Coroutine, TypeVar
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from amcrest2mqtt.interface import AmcrestServiceProtocol as Amcrest2Mqtt
 
+_T = TypeVar("_T")
+
 
 class MqttError(ValueError):
     """Raised when the connection to the MQTT server fails"""
@@ -23,7 +26,7 @@ class MqttError(ValueError):
 
 
 class MqttMixin:
-    def mqttc_create(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
+    async def mqttc_create(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
         self.mqttc = mqtt.Client(
             client_id=self.client_id,
             callback_api_version=CallbackAPIVersion.VERSION2,
@@ -45,11 +48,11 @@ class MqttMixin:
                 password=self.mqtt_config.get("password", ""),
             )
 
-        self.mqttc.on_connect = self.mqtt_on_connect
-        self.mqttc.on_disconnect = self.mqtt_on_disconnect
-        self.mqttc.on_message = self.mqtt_on_message
-        self.mqttc.on_subscribe = self.mqtt_on_subscribe
-        self.mqttc.on_log = self.mqtt_on_log
+        self.mqttc.on_connect = self._wrap_async(self.mqtt_on_connect)
+        self.mqttc.on_disconnect = self._wrap_async(self.mqtt_on_disconnect)
+        self.mqttc.on_message = self._wrap_async(self.mqtt_on_message)
+        self.mqttc.on_subscribe = self._wrap_async(self.mqtt_on_subscribe)
+        self.mqttc.on_log = self._wrap_async(self.mqtt_on_log)
 
         # Define a "last will" message (LWT):
         self.mqttc.will_set(self.mqtt_helper.avty_t("service"), "offline", qos=1, retain=True)
@@ -76,7 +79,16 @@ class MqttMixin:
             self.running = False
             raise SystemExit(1)
 
-    def mqtt_on_connect(
+    def _wrap_async(
+        self: Amcrest2Mqtt,
+        coro_func: Callable[..., Coroutine[Any, Any, _T]],
+    ) -> Callable[..., None]:
+        def wrapper(*args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> None:
+            self.loop.call_soon_threadsafe(lambda: asyncio.create_task(coro_func(*args, **kwargs)))
+
+        return wrapper
+
+    async def mqtt_on_connect(
         self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: dict[str, Any], flags: ConnectFlags, reason_code: ReasonCode, properties: Properties | None
     ) -> None:
         # send our helper the client
@@ -85,9 +97,9 @@ class MqttMixin:
         if reason_code.value != 0:
             raise MqttError(f"MQTT failed to connect ({reason_code.getName()})")
 
-        self.publish_service_discovery()
-        self.publish_service_availability()
-        self.publish_service_state()
+        await self.publish_service_discovery()
+        await self.publish_service_availability()
+        await self.publish_service_state()
 
         self.logger.debug("subscribing to topics on MQTT")
         client.subscribe("homeassistant/status")
@@ -96,7 +108,7 @@ class MqttMixin:
         client.subscribe(f"{self.mqtt_helper.service_slug}/+/switch/+/set")
         client.subscribe(f"{self.mqtt_helper.service_slug}/+/button/+/set")
 
-    def mqtt_on_disconnect(
+    async def mqtt_on_disconnect(
         self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: Any, flags: DisconnectFlags, reason_code: ReasonCode, properties: Properties | None
     ) -> None:
         # clear the client on our helper
@@ -110,49 +122,47 @@ class MqttMixin:
         if self.running and (self.mqtt_connect_time is None or datetime.now() > self.mqtt_connect_time + timedelta(seconds=10)):
             # lets use a new client_id for a reconnect attempt
             self.client_id = self.mqtt_helper.client_id()
-            self.mqttc_create()
+            await self.mqttc_create()
         else:
             self.logger.info("Mqtt disconnect — stopping service loop")
             self.running = False
 
-    def mqtt_on_log(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: Any, paho_log_level: int, msg: str) -> None:
+    async def mqtt_on_log(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: Any, paho_log_level: int, msg: str) -> None:
         if paho_log_level == LogLevel.MQTT_LOG_ERR:
             self.logger.error(f"Mqtt logged: {msg}")
         if paho_log_level == LogLevel.MQTT_LOG_WARNING:
             self.logger.warning(f"Mqtt logged: {msg}")
 
-    def mqtt_on_message(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: Any, msg: MQTTMessage) -> None:
+    async def mqtt_on_message(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: Any, msg: MQTTMessage) -> None:
         topic = msg.topic
-        payload = self._decode_payload(msg.payload)
         components = topic.split("/")
 
+        try:
+            payload = json.loads(msg.payload)
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, UnicodeDecodeError, TypeError, ValueError):
+            try:
+                payload = msg.payload.decode("utf-8")
+            except Exception:
+                self.logger.warning("failed to decode MQTT payload: {err}")
+                return None
+
         if components[0] == self.mqtt_config["discovery_prefix"]:
-            return self._handle_homeassistant_message(payload)
+            return await self.handle_homeassistant_message(payload)
 
         if components[0] == self.mqtt_helper.service_slug and components[1] == "service":
-            return self.handle_service_command(components[2], payload)
+            return await self.handle_service_command(components[2], payload)
 
         if components[0] == self.mqtt_helper.service_slug:
-            return self._handle_device_topic(components, payload)
+            return await self.handle_device_topic(components, payload)
 
         self.logger.debug(f"ignoring unrelated MQTT topic: {topic}")
 
-    def _decode_payload(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, raw: bytes) -> Any:
-        try:
-            return json.loads(raw)
-        except (json.JSONDecodeError, UnicodeDecodeError, TypeError, ValueError):
-            try:
-                return raw.decode("utf-8")
-            except Exception:
-                self.logger.warning("failed to decode MQTT payload: {err}")
-                return None
-
-    def _handle_homeassistant_message(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, payload: str) -> None:
+    async def handle_homeassistant_message(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, payload: str) -> None:
         if payload == "online":
-            self.rediscover_all()
+            await self.rediscover_all()
             self.logger.info("home Assistant came (back?) online — resending device discovery")
 
-    def _handle_device_topic(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, components: list[str], payload: str) -> None:
+    async def handle_device_topic(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, components: list[str], payload: str) -> None:
         parsed = self._parse_device_topic(components)
         if not parsed:
             return
@@ -169,7 +179,7 @@ class MqttMixin:
             return
 
         self.logger.info(f"got message for {self.get_device_name(device_id)}: set {components[-2]} to {payload}")
-        self.handle_device_command(device_id, attribute, payload)
+        await self.handle_device_command(device_id, attribute, payload)
 
     def _parse_device_topic(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, components: list[str]) -> list[str | None] | None:
         try:
@@ -196,7 +206,9 @@ class MqttMixin:
             self.logger.warning(f"Ignoring malformed topic {topic}: {err}")
             return []
 
-    def mqtt_on_subscribe(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: Any, mid: int, reason_code_list: list[ReasonCode], properties: Properties) -> None:
+    async def mqtt_on_subscribe(
+        self: Amcrest2Mqtt, client: Client, userdata: Any, mid: int, reason_code_list: list[ReasonCode], properties: Properties
+    ) -> None:
         reason_names = [rc.getName() for rc in reason_code_list]
         joined = "; ".join(reason_names) if reason_names else "none"
         self.logger.debug(f"Mqtt subscribed (mid={mid}): {joined}")

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/publish.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-import json
+import asyncio
 from datetime import timezone
+import json
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ class PublishMixin:
 
     # Service -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def publish_service_discovery(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
+    async def publish_service_discovery(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
         device_block = self.mqtt_helper.device_block(
             self.service_name,
             self.mqtt_helper.service_slug,
@@ -161,7 +162,8 @@ class PublishMixin:
             qos=self.mqtt_config["qos"],
             retain=True,
         )
-        self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish(
+        await asyncio.to_thread(
+            self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish,
             topic=self.mqtt_helper.disc_t("button", "refresh_device_list"),
             payload=json.dumps(
                 {
@@ -178,10 +180,10 @@ class PublishMixin:
         )
         self.logger.debug(f"discovery published for {self.service} ({self.mqtt_helper.service_slug})")
 
-    def publish_service_availability(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, status: str = "online") -> None:
-        self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish(self.mqtt_helper.avty_t("service"), status, qos=self.qos, retain=True)
+    async def publish_service_availability(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, status: str = "online") -> None:
+        await asyncio.to_thread(self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish, self.mqtt_helper.avty_t("service"), status, qos=self.qos, retain=True)
 
-    def publish_service_state(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
+    async def publish_service_state(self: Amcrest2Mqtt) -> None:
         # we keep last_call_date in localtime so it rolls-over the api call counter
         # at the right time (midnight, local) but we want to send last_call_date
         # to HomeAssistant as UTC
@@ -199,7 +201,8 @@ class PublishMixin:
         }
 
         for key, value in service.items():
-            self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish(
+            await asyncio.to_thread(
+                self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish,
                 self.mqtt_helper.stat_t("service", "service", key),
                 json.dumps(value) if isinstance(value, dict) else value,
                 qos=self.mqtt_config["qos"],
@@ -208,45 +211,45 @@ class PublishMixin:
 
     # Devices -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-    def publish_device_discovery(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> None:
-        def _publish_one(dev_id: str, defn: dict, suffix: str = "") -> None:
+    async def publish_device_discovery(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> None:
+        async def _publish_one(dev_id: str, defn: dict, suffix: str = "") -> None:
             eff_device_id = dev_id if not suffix else f"{dev_id}_{suffix}"
             topic = self.mqtt_helper.disc_t(defn["component_type"], f"{dev_id}_{suffix}" if suffix else dev_id)
             payload = {k: v for k, v in defn.items() if k != "component_type"}
-            self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish(topic, json.dumps(payload), retain=True)
+            await asyncio.to_thread(self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish, topic, json.dumps(payload), retain=True)
             self.upsert_state(eff_device_id, internal={"discovered": True})
 
-        _publish_one(device_id, self.get_component(device_id))
+        await _publish_one(device_id, self.get_component(device_id))
 
         # Publish any modes (0..n)
         modes = self.get_modes(device_id)
         for slug, mode in modes.items():
-            _publish_one(device_id, mode, suffix=slug)
+            await _publish_one(device_id, mode, suffix=slug)
 
-    def publish_device_availability(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, online: bool = True) -> None:
+    async def publish_device_availability(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str, online: bool = True) -> None:
         payload = "online" if online else "offline"
 
         avty_t = self.get_device_availability_topic(device_id)
-        self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish(avty_t, payload, retain=True)
+        await asyncio.to_thread(self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish, avty_t, payload, retain=True)
 
-    def publish_device_state(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> None:
-        def _publish_one(dev_id: str, defn: str | dict[str, Any], suffix: str = "") -> None:
+    async def publish_device_state(self: Amcrest2Mqtt, device_id: str) -> None:
+        async def _publish_one(dev_id: str, defn: str | dict[str, Any], suffix: str = "") -> None:
             topic = self.get_device_state_topic(dev_id, suffix)
             if isinstance(defn, dict):
                 flat: dict[str, Any] = {k: v for k, v in defn.items() if k != "component_type"}
                 meta = self.states[dev_id].get("meta")
                 if isinstance(meta, dict) and "last_update" in meta:
                     flat["last_update"] = meta["last_update"]
-                self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish(topic, json.dumps(flat), retain=True)
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish, topic, json.dumps(flat), retain=True)
             else:
-                self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish(topic, defn, retain=True)
+                await asyncio.to_thread(self.mqtt_helper.safe_publish, topic, defn, retain=True)
 
         if not self.is_discovered(device_id):
             self.logger.debug(f"discovery not complete for {device_id} yet, holding off on sending state")
             return
 
         states = self.states[device_id]
-        _publish_one(device_id, states[self.get_component_type(device_id)])
+        await _publish_one(device_id, states[self.get_component_type(device_id)])
 
         modes = self.get_modes(device_id)
         for name, mode in modes.items():
@@ -257,6 +260,6 @@ class PublishMixin:
                 continue
 
             type_states = states[component_type][name] if isinstance(states[component_type], dict) else states[component_type]
-            _publish_one(device_id, type_states, name)
+            await _publish_one(device_id, type_states, name)
 
-        self.publish_service_state()
+        await self.publish_service_state()

src/amcrest2mqtt/mixins/refresh.py

@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class RefreshMixin:
 
         async def _refresh(device_id: str) -> None:
             async with semaphore:
-                changed = await asyncio.to_thread(self.build_device_states, device_id)
+                changed = await self.build_device_states(device_id)
                 if changed:
-                    await asyncio.to_thread(self.publish_device_state, device_id)
+                    await self.publish_device_state(device_id)
 
         tasks = []
         for device_id in self.devices:

uv.lock

@@ -188,37 +188,37 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "coverage"
-version = "7.11.0"
-source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
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